Analyses of systems theory for construction accident prevention with specific reference to OSHA accident reports

To enhance workplace safety in the construction industry it is important to understand interrelationships among safety risk factors associated with construction accidents. This study incorporates the systems theory into Heinrich's domino theory to explore the interrelationships of risks and break the chain of accident causation. Through both empirical and statistical analyses of 9358 accidents which occurred in the U.S. construction industry between 2002 and 2011, the study investigates relationships between accidents and injury elements (e.g., injury type, part of body, injury severity) and the nature of construction injuries by accident type. The study then discusses relationships between accidents and risks, including worker behavior, injury source, and environmental condition, and identifies key risk factors and risk combinations causing accidents. The research outcomes will assist safety managers to prioritize risks according to the likelihood of accident occurrence and injury characteristics, and pay more attention to balancing significant risk relationships to prevent accidents and achieve safer working environments.     

Technical and institutional factors in the emergence of project management

This paper explores the fundamental question of why the practice and discipline of project management emerged during the 1940s through the 1960s in the United States. Although projects have been around for millennia, not until the middle of the 20th century in the U.S. military–industrial–academic complex did project management become formalized in institutional processes and as an academic discipline. The paper argues that technical complexity and novelty were the primary factors driving project management and its engineering counterpart systems engineering, as a new organizational form. Institutional factors such as the need for legal separation between government and industry created important secondary effects that drove the particular forms in which project management evolved. This paper uses examples from large scale, complex projects of the 1940s through 1960s in the aerospace and computing industries to tease out the fundamental technical and institutional factors that led to the emergence of project management in these two key American industries during this period.     

预制-再制

文章集中探讨了二战以后也就是所谓"战后"时期的建筑设计与建造。涉及的不仅是实践层面的问题,同时也有伦理层面的思考。因为正是这段时期,由于大量房屋毁于战争,要给成千上万的居民提供住房。同一时期,建造材料稀少而紧缺,于是一种新的现实主义应运而生,并且在施工体系上也有所创建:不再是此前乌托邦时期现代建筑的"封闭"体系,而是一种被认为是"开放的"施工方式。这一时期的建筑师们也认同建筑设计应该自我调节以适应有限的资源与手段,当然,他们也使用了一定的技术措施尤其是那些新的技术,但并非不分场合的滥用。项目的急迫性往往要求对工业化制品或者构件进行变更,使得要对"预制"的东西进行"再制"。这一时期,人们允许更大的容差,接受偶发因素,以积极的眼光来看待"不完美";建筑的物质性层面变得非常重要,而再现性则必须后退;使用的材料都是那些唾手可得的,有时是工业化材料(钢),有时是传统材料(砖);另一改变是将那些仅起服务作用的东西暴露在外而不再遮蔽。以"粗野"一词,来表达这种直接的、裸露的、混合的、讲求实际的建造方式。文章研究了埃利森和彼得·史密森、柯布西耶、詹姆士·斯特林、亚历杭德罗·德-拉·索塔、希哥德·勒沃伦兹等建筑师,最后还研究了弗兰克·盖里——虽然他的作品显然不属于这一时期,但可以这一背景为基础来加以解读,就像今天的诸多先锋建筑一样。     

真空联合堆载预压处理深厚软土效果分析

软土由吹填土和原状淤泥质土构成,平均深度为25m,且表层覆盖回填土层,采用真空联合堆载预压法进行处理。检测结果表明,该场地表层承载力达到100kPa以上,下部淤泥质土层承载力达到80kPa,平均沉降153.14~202.79cm,加固效果非常明显。实践证明,针对该区的深厚淤泥质软土地基,真空联合堆载法具有加固效果好、工期短和施工安全等优点,值得在该地区工程建设中推广应用。     

现浇结构钢筋工程施工分析

本文对现浇结构施工中较为常见的钢筋位移、布筋错误等技术问题作出分析 ,并提出处理措施与方法     

不可移动文物的移动保护

对在新形势下被迫移动的不可移动文物的保护问题进行评论,分析了解体移动和整体移动的利弊,总结了广州锦纶会馆整体平移保护的经验。     

磁悬浮分子泵用Hartley涡流传感器

工业领域的磁悬浮分子泵用位移传感器除了要具有良好的静态特性外,还应具有高动态响应特性,同时其体积大小还影响着磁悬浮分子泵的抽速、真空度和压缩比。针对高真空磁悬浮分子泵,提出了一种基于Hartley原理的电涡流位移传感器设计方法,将传感器对称探头接入同一振荡电路作为工作电感。对传感器的动态特性进行了分析,并提出了对其动态响应特性在不影响灵敏度和线性度等静态性能的情况下进行补偿的方法。实验结果表明,在-0.4~0.4mm内,传感器的线性度为±1.17%,灵敏度为9.901mV/μm,分辨率为0.25%,动态响应带宽达到了10.2kHz,两径向四路位移信号测量集成电路板体积仅为π×4~2 cm~2,大大减小了传感器体积,满足了磁悬浮分子泵面向更高抽速和更高真空度的发展需求。     

有限元法在会东矿西边坡稳定性研究中的应用

采用有限元弹塑性分析的专用程序、四边形等参单元的计算单元,在5个剖面上,对影响边坡稳定性的诸因素,如位移、应力、塑性区分布及稳定性系数等进行了有限元电算分析。结果表明上述因素对边坡稳定性影响极大。     

煤矿近断层地下开采动力灾害数值模拟研究

为解析兖州矿区地下开采中的动力灾害机理,截取横跨大马厂断层的剖面,按照实际开挖步骤进行了数值模拟计算和分析。判定15 m保安煤柱的屈服和孤岛煤体的破坏是发生动力灾害的重要因素。发现了破坏区附近的位移漩动场,并简要分析了其力学成因。